Final Exam Review #12 and #31

They say that all good things must come to an end, and so it seems as summer draws so near and this school year draws to a close. Yet, at the end of any school year are the dreaded final exams, late nights of studying, and hours spent reviewing all that we have learned throughout the aforementioned year. Then there are the exam reviews. Though helpful, these lengthy packets often take extended lengths of time to complete, unless there is collaboration. So lets split it up!!


How about one on colligative properties?


12) In a solution of water, what would decrease the freezing point the most: adding 1.00 mole of aluminum nitrate, adding 3.00 moles of sugar, C₆H₁₂O₆, or adding 2.00 moles of magnesium nitrate? Please explain why this freezing point depression occurs and why you selected the solute you did.

Colligative properties are those that are dependent upon the number of particles in a solution, not the type of particles. There are three main colligative properties of solutions: boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapor-pressure lowering. They all have their roots in that fact that these foreign particles disturb the order and function of the native particles of the solvent.

This is a graph of the differences in the relations of pressure and temperature for pure water versus water with a dissolved solute in it.

Now lets look specifically at freezing point depression!

For a substance to freeze, the individual molecules must be able to arrange themselves in an orderly manner (to form an often crystalline structure) and bond. When foreign molecules/atoms are put into the mix however, they disrupt this orderly arrangement and make it more difficult for the particles of the solvent to make the needed bonds with each other to solidify. For the solution to freeze it must be at a lower temperature where the particles have less kinetic energy.

Recall that we are talking about colligative properties, characteristics that are dependent upon the number of solute particles in a solvent, not they type or size of these particles. Thus, as the number of solute molecules/atoms that are added to the solvent increase, the freezing point will decrease. In this manner, the answer boils down to the question of which solute, when dissolved in water, will create the largest number of specific particles:

• 1.00 mol of Al(NO₃)₃ - According to the solubility rules, aluminum nitrate is soluble and will dissociate in water yielding Al³⁺ and 3 NO₃^-, or 4.00 mol of particles. 

• 3.00 mol of sugar - Sugar is a general name for a variety of organic molecules, most commonly sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) and glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).  Both of these are covalently bonded and will not dissociate. Thus, 3.00 mol of sugar will yield 3.00 mol of particles.

• 2.00 mol of Mg(NO₃)₂ - Magnesium nitrate is also soluble and will dissociate in water to yield Mg²⁺ and 2 NO₃^-.  Thus, 2.00 mol of Mg(NO₃)₂ will yield 6.00 mol of particles.

The 2.00 mol of Mg(NO3)2 will cause the largest freezing point depression.


31) Did we cover it all? Think of a topic or question from this past trimester that you think should have been covered more by this review, and respond to it.

For me, one topic, or better, on focus of a topic that I believe the review covered only briefly was a some of the special cases regarding decomposition reactions. As these cases are less common than that of acid decomposition or salt decomposition, they are often put to the side and forgotten. Here are the special cases of decomposition reactions:

• Metal halate --> metal halide + oxygen gas
• Cu(BrO₃)₂ --> CuBr₂ + 3O₂ 

• Metal peroxide --> metal oxide + oxygen gas
•  2MgO₂ --> 2MgO + O₂ 

• Metal carbonate --> metal oxide + carbon dioxide gas
• Ag₂CO₃ --> Ag₂O + CO₂   

Hopefully this can clear a few things up. Thanks!!! and Good Luck!!!

Image Citations: 
http://www.chem.queensu.ca/people/faculty/mombourquette/firstyrchem/colligative/index.htm 
http://theslolane.wordpress.com/2009/05/11/stephens-big-day/

Just Nuke It!! - Food Irradiation and Nuclear Chemistry

                                                                                                                                29

Food Irradiation: Weaponizing meals or making them safe for the masses?

In this post we will discuss what food irradiation actually is and how it can be achieve and described through nuclear chemistry.  This "Xtranormal" video serves as a brief introduction to what food irradiation is and why not to be afraid of it:

Next, this "Prezi" contains all sorts of information about food irradiation, from the decay of cobalt-60 to create gamma rays needed for the process, to the risks and benefits of irradiating food.

Enjoy!!!

Just Nuke It!! - Food Irradiation on Prezi

(Works and Images Cited are at the end of the the Prezi)

What really is in your fish tank? - "Fishy" Ionic Compounds

What spot in your house has more chemicals in one place than any other spot? Possibly the laundry room or cabinets under your sinks where you keep cleaning supplies. But if you have a fish tank, it might even be the place where you keep your aquarium supplies!!! Between pH balancers, mineral supplements, and chemically processed fish foods, there are bound to be many ionic compounds throughout.

So let's try to identify and name a few that I have found:

(This is a Prezi that names 20 ionic compounds that I identified on various aquarium related products.)

Chemistry Ions on Prezi

Entire Honors Chemistry Midterm Exam Review

For anyone who would like a nice review and description of many basic topics of chemistry that I covered the first trimester, just click on the link below to download a PDF with these many topics.  It is our Midterm Exam Review that we completed before taking our test.  Thanks!!!

Honors Chemistry 2010 Midterm Exam Review

Midterm Review Question #24 - Electron Affinities

Oh, exam week!!! The wonderful weeks in each year were you review what you have learned (and possibly relearn a few things as well)!!! Well, at least our teachers diligently create thorough reviews to make the study process easier.
Here is the answer and explanation of question number 24 of our midterm review:

24) Which element on the periodic table should have the most favorable electron affinity? Which element would have the most negative electron affinity value? Explain your choices.

Essentially, these two questions are asking the same thing.  The element that has the most favorable electron affinity is actually the element that has the most negative electron affinity value.  The electron affinity value measures how much energy is released when an atom gains an electron or the amount of energy required for an atom to gain an electron.  The more negative the electron affinity value of the element is (the more favorable electron affinity), the greater the amount of energy an atom releases when it gains an electron.  Positive electron affinity values signify that for the atom to gain an electron, energy must be added to the atom (this arrangement is very unstable and when the application of energy is ceased, the atom will expel the electron and return to a lower energy level).

The image above is a 3D graph of the electron affinity values of the various elements of the periodic table.  As can be seen, chlorine has the most favorable electron affinity, just a bit more favorable than fluorine, the electronegative element.

The reason that chlorine (Cl) is the element with the highest electron affinity (the most negative value) is very similar to the reason that fluorine is the most electronegative element.  As it is in Group 17, chlorine is longing to obtain the electron configuration of the noble gas argon by gaining one electron and becoming a 1+ cation.  It has a strong attraction to electrons due to its strong positive charge in its nucleus (compared to the other elements in its period).  Furthermore, as chlorine is relatively high in the periodic table (it is in one of the lesser periods), there are fewer orbital “shells” shielding free electrons from the positive attraction of the nucleus.  Thus, a large amount of energy is released when chlorine gains an electron.

Interestingly, the reason that chlorine has a larger electron affinity than fluorine, even though fluorine is the most electronegative, is due to the fact that fluorine is a smaller atom than chlorine.  When an electron is added to fluorine, there is a greater repulsion between the electrons in the orbitals than there is with chlorine.  Thus, even though fluorine might be more electronegative than chlorine, chlorine has a more favorable electron affinity.

Attributions:
Electron Affinity 3D Graph: http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/electron_affinity/cityscape_chart.html

Chadwick and the Neutron: A "Brainblast" into the Future of the Atom

[13]

       Hi, my name is Jimmy Neutron. What comes to mind when you hear the word “Neutron”? If you have ever had young children, you may think that this term refers to a member of my family, or maybe me, the animated “Boy Genius” introduced to viewers on Nickelodeon in 2002. Besides thinking of me, most scientists would tell you that a “neutron,” similar to its well known brother the “proton,” is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of all atoms and isotopes beyond protium, the isotope of hydrogen with no neutrons whatsoever. Unlike the proton, however, a neutron carries no ‘net’ electric charge and has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. According to WolframAlpha, the mass of a neutron ≈ 1.001378 proton masses [12]. Speculated as to its possible existence as early as 1920 by Ernest Rutherford, its discovery in 1932 by English physicist, James Chadwick, signaled the beginning of the era of the common model for atomic structure and the basis of the picture of particle physics that remains valid today.

       I don't know if you knew this, but my name full name, James Isaac Neutron, is actually a combination of Sir Isaac Newton, the father of classical physics, and physicist Sir James Chadwick, who was nicknamed "Jimmy Neutron" after his discovery of the neutron in 1932.

So why do these neutrons matter anyways? For if Chadwick had never discovered the neutron, we would not have stunning pictures like this: two neutron stars colliding and giving off gamma-ray bursts.

Before we delve into the world of the wonderful neutron, let us first review some basic information about the atom:

        The smallest particle from which matter is created was named “atom,” meaning that which cannot be divided, by the Greek philosopher Democritus about 2500 years ago [3]. Thus, while we all now know that matter can be further subdivided, the atom remains the smallest structure that an element or material can be divided without changing its characteristics. It is composed of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by shells of negatively charged electrons bound to the nucleus by an electromagnetic force. The atomic nuclei of all elements and isotopes after protium contain a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons. Atoms are classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus: the number of protons specifies the chemical element, and the number of neutrons specifies the isotope of the element.

        In order to describe to you the process by which Rutherford and Chadwick came across the neutron, I have created three glogsters and a prezi to help explain some general areas regarding their work and, hopefully, give you a greater understanding of the role and discovery of the wonderful neutron!!! To view the Glogs and the prezi simply click on the four links below:

Glog on Biographical Information of James Chadwick
Glog on the Predecessors of the Discovery of the Neutron
Prezi on Chadwick's Main Experiment
Glog on the Significant Effects of the Discovery of the Neutron

For those history lovers out there, here is a primary source for your enjoyment. It is the letter that Chadwick wrote to Nature about his discovery of the neutron: Chadwick's Letter to Nature

And just for fun, here is a picture of James Chadwick created with words used throughout my description of the discovery of the neutron. (This image was created with the web tool "tagxedo" at www.tagxedo.com.)

To view the Works Cited for this blog posting, simply click on this link to view the PDF file:
Works Cited File

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Steel Wool

When a person thinks of steel wool, many peculiar images might form in the mind: Does it come from metal sheep that create steel wool for the manufacturing of steel clothing? Well of course, the answer to this ridiculous question would be “No.” (Sheep Photo: Boeimg)

However, it is not far from the truth. Steel wool pads, typically made from low-carbon steel* (for all practical purposes almost pure iron (Fe)), are bundles of steel wire fibers that are used during household cleaning to scrub items or in woodworking to sand and finish wood products. Usually, steel wool is made through the process of broaching: a thick steel wire is drawn through a toothed die, producing very thin steel shavings which are then collected and formed into the steel wool. Similar to sandpaper, steel wool is available in many different grades, ranging from very coarse (5# or greater) to very fine (000# or less).

I chose steel wool as my household object because I was interested to see how the steel wool would react with common cleaning supplies found around the house. Also, having used steel wool in Boy Scouts as kindling to start fires, especially when matches were absent, I was interested in investigating why this phenomenon occurred.

*Carbon steel is a type of metal where carbon is the main alloying ingredient added to the iron. As more carbon is added, the alloy becomes harder, yet less malleable/ductile (stretchable). In low-carbon steel, the alloy is about 0.05%-0.15% carbon (Wikipedia: Carbon Steel).

My Lab Setup:
 

Physical Properties:

Magnetism - Steel wool, largely constituted out of pure iron, is ferromagnetic as can be seen by this picture.

A pad of steel wool was torn up into many small pieces and then crumbled so very short filaments would fall into a test tube. In the test tube, they were suspended in baby oil and shaken so they would be evenly distributed. Next a bar magnet was placed next to the test tube. It was easily seen that the files were attracted to the magnet and actually aligned themselves with the lines of the magnetic field originating from the magnet.

Conductivity -  Steel wool, like all metals, is fairly conductive.

If it were not conductive, when I touched the ends of two probes attached to a 9V battery, it would not complete the circuit, draw electricity, cause the filaments to become hot, and catch fire. However, as is clearly illustrated in the photograph, the steel wool conducts electricity.

Texture – Soft yet Abrasive

The texture of steel wool is quite peculiar. Depending on the type of steel wool one observes and handles, its texture will be different. However, for the sample of steel wool (00#)  that I was performing all of my observations/experiments on, the pads were fairly soft and had a fluffy texture. Oddly, it almost felt like I was handling scratchy wool. The pads were abrasive, but not rough to the touch like sand paper. I had to be very careful when working with the fine steel wool because tiny filaments would break off and become imbedded in my fingers, forming miniscule metal splinters that were irritating and even a little painful. Therefore, for the majority of the experiments, I chose to wear latex gloves to protect my hands when handling the steel wool and other chemicals.

Color/Luster – Dull grey


The steel wool pads are a very dark dull grey. The individual filaments are slightly lustrous, reflecting little glints of light; however, the pad as a whole is not very shiny.

Ductility/Bendability – Not very ductile yet very bendable

Because the pads as a whole are substantially composed of air in between the low-carbon steel fibers, they can be compressed easily and “flattened.” However, they expand back again when the pressure is released. On the other hand, the ductility of the pads is fairly low. When the pads are pulled apart, they “rip” into two halves, not stretch out into a longer, thinner pad. The individual fibers of steel, because they are so thin, are as bendable as a human hair.


Chemical Properties:

To see steel wool's chemical properties, please click on the link below to the Prezi that I have created:

Chemical Properties of Steel Wool

And finally, after all of this mind-enticing information, I leave you with a few pictures of the beauty that flaming steel wool can create:

(Photos: 16 Cool Burning Steel Wool Photo Experiments)

Works Cited  

Boemig, Amy. Flicker. Yahoo, 2002. Web. 13 Sept. 2010. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/amyboemig/381909502/>.


“Carbon Steel.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 8 Sept. 2010. Web. 13 Sept. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel#Bibliography>.


“Countertop Chemistry Experiment 2.” The Science House. North Carolina State University, 2006. Web. 13 Sept. 2010. <http://www.science-house.org/learn/CountertopChem/exp2.html>.


“File:Iron Spectrum.jpg.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 22 Apr. 2010. Web. 13 Sept. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iron_Spectrum.jpg>.


“Rust and H2O2.” Newton: Ask A Scientist. Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs, n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2010. <http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem00/chem00253.htm>.


“16 Cool Burning Steel Wool Photo Experiments.” Photographymojo. N.p., 27 Mar. 2010. Web. 13 Sept. 2010. <http://www.photographymojo.com/2010/03/16-cool-burning-steel-wool-photo-experiments/>.


“What is the word equation for iron wool burning in pure oxygen to produce iron oxide?” Answers.com. WikiAnswers, 2010. Web. 13 Sept. 2010. <http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_word_equation_for_iron_wool_burning_in_pure_oxygen_to_produce_iron_oxide>.